Which of the following is a symptom category associated with secondary traumatic stress?

• A. Avoidance
• B. Enhanced concentration
• C. Increased energy without rest
• D. Improved interpersonal relationships

Answer: (A)

Secondary traumatic stress often presents with symptom clusters that resemble PTSD, including avoidance of trauma reminders. Avoidance is a common category because professionals exposed to others’ trauma may start steering clear of situations, conversations, or cues that bring the traumatic experiences to mind, as a coping mechanism to prevent distress. In contrast, enhanced concentration, increased energy without rest, or improved interpersonal relationships do not fit STS patterns; the condition more often involves difficulties with attention, sleep, irritability, and strained relationships rather than gains in focus, energy, or closeness. Recognizing avoidance as a symptom helps clinicians and colleagues identify secondary trauma so they can support appropriate self-care, boundaries, and supervision.